Suramya's Blog : Welcome to my crazy life…

February 25, 2025

India’s First Vertical Bi-Facial Solar Plant installed on the Delhi Metro

Filed under: Emerging Tech,My Thoughts,Science Related — Suramya @ 9:46 PM

India is working hard towards reducing our dependency on fossil fuels and moving to alternative/renewable power source. As part of this effort we have been aggressively installing more and more solar plants across India. The Delhi Metro installed India’s First Vertical Bi-Facial Solar Plant last week. The new 50kW vertical solar plant at Okhla Vihar Metro Station features bi-facial panels that capture sunlight from both sides, enhancing energy generation efficiency.

India added a record 25 GW solar capacity in 2024 which is a 204% jump from previous year. Part of it was due to the commissioning of projects that supposed to go online in 2023 but got delayed and went live in 2024. Even with that being the case this is a great milestone and the total generation capacity for India has topped 100GW, putting India in the top 3 countries worldwide for Solar power production.

Solar and other green energy sources are awesome. They allow you to generate power without creating harmful byproducts like coal or petrol based energy generators do. Unfortunately this means that Coal and Oil industries are completely against them and constantly create posts, advertisements and ‘research’ that show how bad the renewable energy sources are. Basically it is a constant bombardment of FUD (Fear Uncertainty & Doubt) to cause people to distrust the technology.

The following comics keep showing up in my feed and it is typical of how people portray green power and electric vehicles. According to them there is no point in getting an electric car or a green power alternative because they all use coal/gas fueled power plants in the background and that can’t be further from the truth.

In fact, the main reason ‘people’ (read oil/coal companies) don’t want us to switch to renewable is explained very well by the following comic:

Solar Power isn't feasible because we can't own the sun
Solar Power isn’t feasible because we can’t own the sun

One (valid) cause for concern is that it is expensive to setup, which is true but not the whole story. We setup a solar power plant at my parents place in Delhi and while it does take up space it is not as bad as people make it sound. One set of panels actually makes a great share in front of the room on the roof, the other is on top of that room so helps keep the temperature in that room down and with the temperature in Delhi hitting 52.8 Deg C it is not a small consideration.

The setup we have is for a 10kwa solar panels and it costed us ~4,50,000 lac. Based on our regular usage we will recover the cost in about 4 1/2 years (its been almost 4 years since we set it up).

There is a pretty good subsidy for Solar being offered by the Indian government at the central level so it is a great time to setup a Solar power plan wherever you can. My cousin has also set it up in UP and it is a big help over there because they are no longer dependent on the power company for power.

With the new more powerful panels nowadays the time taken to recover the cost of the setup is down to a few years. To be fair, the process of generating the solar panel does create waste that is a pollutant but that is minuscule compared to the waste generated by a coal/gas power plant.

– Suramya

January 22, 2025

ELIZA Resurrected using original code after 60 years

Filed under: Artificial Intelligence,Computer Software,My Thoughts,Science Related,Tech Related — Suramya @ 10:41 AM

If you have been following the AI chat bot news/world then you would have heard the name ELIZA come up. Eliza was the world’s first chatbot created over 60 years ago by MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum and was the first language model which a user could interact with. It had a significant impact on the AI world (Actual AI research not the LLM wanna be AI we have right now) and was the first to attempt the Turing test. It was originally written in a programming language invented by Weizenbaum called the Michigan Algorithm Decoder Symmetric List Processor (MAD-SLIP) and the pattern matching directives were provided as separate scripts. Shortly after the initial release it was rewritten in LISP which went viral. Unfortunately the original code in MAD-SLIP went missing till recently soon after that.

One of the most famous ELIZA scripts was called Doctor that emulated a psychotherapist of the Rogerian school (in which the therapist often reflects back the patient’s words to the patient). Much to his surprise Weizenbaum found that folks attributed human-like feelings to the computer program. Wikipedia explains how the software worked:

ELIZA starts its process of responding to an input by a user by first examining the text input for a “keyword”.[5] A “keyword” is a word designated as important by the acting ELIZA script, which assigns to each keyword a precedence number, or a RANK, designed by the programmer.[15] If such words are found, they are put into a “keystack”, with the keyword of the highest RANK at the top. The input sentence is then manipulated and transformed as the rule associated with the keyword of the highest RANK directs.[20] For example, when the DOCTOR script encounters words such as “alike” or “same”, it would output a message pertaining to similarity, in this case “In what way?”,[4] as these words had high precedence number. This also demonstrates how certain words, as dictated by the script, can be manipulated regardless of contextual considerations, such as switching first-person pronouns and second-person pronouns and vice versa, as these too had high precedence numbers. Such words with high precedence numbers are deemed superior to conversational patterns and are treated independently of contextual patterns.[citation needed]

Following the first examination, the next step of the process is to apply an appropriate transformation rule, which includes two parts: the “decomposition rule” and the “reassembly rule”.[20] First, the input is reviewed for syntactical patterns in order to establish the minimal context necessary to respond. Using the keywords and other nearby words from the input, different disassembly rules are tested until an appropriate pattern is found. Using the script’s rules, the sentence is then “dismantled” and arranged into sections of the component parts as the “decomposition rule for the highest-ranking keyword” dictates. The example that Weizenbaum gives is the input “You are very helpful”, which is transformed to “I are very helpful”. This is then broken into (1) empty (2) “I” (3) “are” (4) “very helpful”. The decomposition rule has broken the phrase into four small segments that contain both the keywords and the information in the sentence.[20]

The decomposition rule then designates a particular reassembly rule, or set of reassembly rules, to follow when reconstructing the sentence.[5] The reassembly rule takes the fragments of the input that the decomposition rule had created, rearranges them, and adds in programmed words to create a response. Using Weizenbaum’s example previously stated, such a reassembly rule would take the fragments and apply them to the phrase “What makes you think I am (4)”, which would result in “What makes you think I am very helpful?”. This example is rather simple, since depending upon the disassembly rule, the output could be significantly more complex and use more of the input from the user. However, from this reassembly, ELIZA then sends the constructed sentence to the user in the form of text on the screen

Now after over 60 years the original code written in MAD-SLIP has been resurrected by Jeff Shrager, a cognitive scientist at Stanford University, and Myles Crowley,an MIT archivist, who found it among Weizenbaum’s papers back in 2021. Which is when they started working on getting the code to run, which was a significant effort. They first created an emulator that approximated the computers available in the 1960’s and then cleaned up the original 420-line ELIZA code to get it to work. They published a paper: ELIZA Reanimated: The world’s first chatbot restored on the world’s first time sharing system on 12th Jan where they explain the whole process.

ELIZA, created by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT in the early 1960s, is usually considered the world’s first chatbot. It was developed in MAD-SLIP on MIT’s CTSS, the world’s first time-sharing system, on an IBM 7094. We discovered an original ELIZA printout in Prof. Weizenbaum’s archives at MIT, including an early version of the famous DOCTOR script, a nearly complete version of the MAD-SLIP code, and various support functions in MAD and FAP. Here we describe the reanimation of this original ELIZA on a restored CTSS, itself running on an emulated IBM 7094. The entire stack is open source, so that any user of a unix-like OS can run the world’s first chatbot on the world’s first time-sharing system.

You can try it out: here.

Source:

– Suramya

October 23, 2024

Auto adjusting Desalination system that works with renewable power

Filed under: Emerging Tech,My Thoughts,Science Related — Suramya @ 10:41 AM

Having drinking water is a problem in a lot of places on Earth due to various reasons. One of the solutions for this is to extract drinking water out of sea water/salty water. Unfortunately, the traditional methods of doing this require a lot of power and that causes other issues. Plus, that means that we can’t setup the desalination plants in locations where they are most needed as these locations don’t usually have reliable power either. One solution is to use renewable energy such as Solar to power these plants but the traditional setups expect constant power levels which isn’t always possible due to weather conditions.

Around a 100 years ago we developed reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, which are two membrane-based desalination technologies. Reverse osmosis requires a lot of pre-treatment and thus not sustainable everywhere, which is why MIT researchers led by Jonathan Bessette decided to go with electrodialysis instead.

What makes their approach really interesting is that their setup runs on renewable energy (Solar Power) and automatically adjusts the quantity of water being processed depending on the weather conditions instead of expecting constant power levels. So if it was a sunny day with clear skies then the setup would process more water, and if it was cloudy the quantity being processed would reduce automatically.

The two most important parameters in electrodialysis desalination are the flow rate of the water and the power you apply to the electrodes. To make the process efficient, you need to match those two. The advantage of electrodialysis is that it can operate at different power levels. When you have more available power, you can just pump more water through the system. When you have less power, you can slow the system down by reducing the water flow rate. You’ll produce less freshwater, but you won’t break anything this way.

Bessette’s team simplified the control down to two feedback loops. The first outer loop was tracking the power coming from the solar panels. On a sunny day, when the panels generated plenty of power, it fed more water into the system; when there was less power, it fed less water. The second inner loop tracked flow rate. When the flow rate was high, it applied more power to the electrodes; when it was low, it applied less power. The trick was to apply maximum available power while avoiding splitting the water into hydrogen and oxygen.

The prototype unit they setup was the size of a shipping container and over the 6 months trial period it desalinated around 5,000 liters of water per day—enough for a community of roughly 2,000 people. The team is now working on productionalizing the solution and selling it commercially.

Their work was published in Nature: Direct-drive photovoltaic electrodialysis via flow-commanded current control, earlier this month.

Looking forward to people building on top of this effort and having such units available for purchase.

Source: Mastodon: https://mstdn.social/@kevinrns/113341185649409458

September 3, 2024

Indian String Theorists find new formula for calculating Pi

Filed under: Science Related — Suramya @ 5:11 PM

I always thought the formula for Pi was simple, 22/7 but apparently that is not the case. There are multiple mathematicians who have spent a significant time coming up with a formula for calculating Pi precisely. For example, Madhava an Indian scholar, who lived from 1350 to 1425, found that pi equals 4 multiplied by a series that begins with 1 and then alternately subtracts or adds fractions in which 1 is placed over successively higher odd numbers (so 1/3, 1/5, and so on). One way to express this would be:


A formula presents how pi can be calculated using a series developed by the Indian scholar Madhava.

While the formula is quite simple to implement and calculate it takes a long time to get accurate results. There are other formulas as well to calculate Pi. The latest one was found when physicists Arnab Priya Saha and Aninda Sinha of the Indian Institute of Science were exploring the String Theory and instead found a completely new formula for calculating Pi. They published their findings in their Paper (Field Theory Expansions of String Theory Amplitudes)

Saha and Sinha discovered the following formula which shows that Madhava’s formula is only a special case of a much more general equation for calculating pi.


A formula presents a way of calculating pi that was identified by physicists Arnab Priya Saha and Aninda Sinha.

I tried understanding the math behind the formula but it didn’t really make much sense to me so I am just going to quote the explanation given by Scientific American here instead of trying to explain it myself. 🙂

This formula produces an infinitely long sum. What is striking is that it depends on the factor λ , a freely selectable parameter. No matter what value λ has, the formula will always result in pi. And because there are infinitely many numbers that can correspond to λ, Saha and Sinha have found an infinite number of pi formulas.

If λ is infinitely large, the equation corresponds to Madhava’s formula. That is, because λ only ever appears in the denominator of fractions, the corresponding fractions for λ = ∞ become zero (because fractions with large denominators are very small). For λ = ∞, the equation of Saha and Sinha therefore takes the following form:


Saha and Sinha’s formula can be adapted based on the assumption of an infinitely large parameter.

The first part of the equation is already similar to Madhava’s formula: you sum fractions with odd denominators. The last part of the sum (–n)n – 1, however, is less familiar. The subscript n – 1 is the so-called Pochhammer symbol. In general, the expression (a)n corresponds to the product a x(a + 1) x (a + 2) x … x (a + n – 1). For example, (5)3 = 5 x 6 x 7 = 210. And the Pochhammer symbol in the above formula therefore results in: (–n)n – 1 = (–n) x (–n + 1) x (–n + 2) x … x (–n + n – 3) x (–n + n – 2).

..
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As the two string theorists report, however, pi can be calculated much faster for smaller values of λ. While Madhava’s result requires 100 terms to get within 0.01 of pi, Saha and Sinha’s formula for λ = 3 only requires the first four summands. “While [Madhava’s] series takes 5 billion terms to converge to 10 decimal places, the new representation with λ between 10 [and] 100 takes 30 terms,” the authors write in their paper.

Source: Hacker News: String Theorists Accidentally Find a New Formula for Pi

– Suramya

June 5, 2024

New transparent film lets in more light than glass while preserving privacy by blurring the view

Filed under: Science Related — Suramya @ 10:14 AM

In the ancient days we constructed our homes out of natural material such as clay, mud, wood etc and it had the advantage of keeping the house cool during the summer and warm during the winters. Unfortunately, due to the lack of appropriate materials these houses either had very small windows or used material that wasn’t clear making the insides of the houses a dark & gloomy place. This all changed once we had the technology to make glass windows cheaply and quickly. All of a sudden we could put in windows that allowed sunlight into the house without letting the wind inside. It was a game changer for housing.

Now all our houses have glass windows, some even have glass doors etc. Now we have a few different problems. Namely that glass is transparent and having large windows creates a privacy issue where folks can see inside the house. Hence we use curtains, frosted glass, window tinting etc to address this issue. Secondly, Allowing in ambient sunlight raises a room’s temperature requiring additional cooling for the room. This is a big enough problem that there is a thriving market for reflective glass, and window tinting. But there is still a lot of room for improvement.

Researchers at Germany’s Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have designed an ultrathin film that when stuck over a regular pane of glass diffuses 73% of incident sunlight, creating a more comfortable and private indoor environment while simultaneously blurring the view through the window. In tests it was found that the film cooled ambient temperatures by as much as 6-degrees Celsius.

The team has successfully tested the film in outdoor tests in the KIT campus and their research has been published in the journal Nature Communications. The technology is still in early stages and it remains to be seen if it can be commercially produced but it does look quite promising. I am looking forward to more developments in this field.

Source: HackerNews: New material looks like frosted glass but lets in more light than a window

– Suramya

April 18, 2024

Debris from Space Station crash into Florida home destroying two floors

Filed under: Astronomy / Space,Science Related — Suramya @ 11:38 AM

A long time ago I watched a show called ‘Dead Like Me‘ where the main character (George) is killed in the pilot episode by a toilet seat falling from the deorbiting Mir space station. At that time it was portrayed as an absurd way to die and George is understandably upset about it.

Showing that at times life does imitate fiction, last month a piece of space junk from the International Space Station crashed through the roof and two floors of a Florida home. This was confirmed by NASA earlier this week. NASA and others have been dumping things into orbit with the assumption that they will burn up during re-entry and this debris was from a cargo pallet intentionally released from the space station three years ago.

The piece of space junk is roughly cylindrical in shape and is about 4-inches tall and 1.6-inches wide. NASA said agency staff studied the object’s features and metal composition and matched it to the hardware that had been jettisoned from the space station in 2021.

At that time, new lithium-ion batteries had recently been installed at the space station, so the old nickel hydrogen batteries were packed up for disposal. The space station’s robotic arm released the 5,800-pound cargo pallet containing the batteries over the Pacific Ocean, as the outpost orbited 260 miles above the Earth’s surface, according to NASA.

I think that this habit is a bad idea and should be reconsidered. When items burn up in the atmosphere they release toxic byproducts that pollute the environment and if the item doesn’t burn up completely (as was the case here) they can cause significant damage when they crash into the Earth.

– Suramya

April 1, 2024

ISRO successfully tested their Reusable launch vehicle Pushpak

Filed under: Astronomy / Space,My Thoughts,Science Related — Suramya @ 6:00 PM

ISRO’s successfully tested the latest version of their Reusable launch vehicle (RLV) technology through the RLV LEX-02 landing experiment. The Lander called Pushpak (RLV-TD) landed autonomously with precision on the runway after being released from an off-nominal position.

RLV-LEX-02/Pushpak landing autonomously
RLV-LEX-02/Pushpak landing autonomously (Pic Credit: ISRO)

The winged vehicle, called Pushpak, was lifted by an Indian Airforce Chinook helicopter and was released from 4.5 km altitude. After release at a distance of 4 km from the runway, Pushpak autonomously approached the runway along with cross-range corrections. It landed precisely on the runway and came to a halt using its brake parachute, landing gear brakes and nose wheel steering system.

This mission successfully simulated the approach and high-speed landing conditions of RLV returning from space. With this second mission, ISRO has re-validated the indigenously developed technologies in the areas of navigation, control systems, landing gear and deceleration systems essential for performing a high-speed autonomous landing of a space-returning vehicle. The winged body and all flight systems used in RLV-LEX-01 were reused in the RLV-LEX-02 mission after due certification/clearances. Hence reuse capability of flight hardware and flight systems is also demonstrated in this mission. Based on the observations from RLV-LEX-01, the airframe structure and landing gear were strengthened to tolerate higher landing loads.

This was the second successful test of the system and the winged body and all flight systems used in RLV-LEX-01 were reused in the RLV-LEX-02 demonstrating the reuse capability of flight hardware and flight systems. This system is essential to the creation and use of RLV technology in future launches which will enable us to reduce the cost of the launches going forward. This will also allow us to increase the number of launches and the payload we can put in orbit in a given time period. Another key point to note is that all the technology used in the craft was developed indigenously in India.

Source: ISRO achieves yet another success in the RLV Landing Experiment

– Suramya

March 26, 2024

Sharpshooters bugs catapult their urine out into the world faster than expected

Filed under: Interesting Sites,Science Related — Suramya @ 11:38 PM

Nature is awesome and we are still trying to figure out how a lot of the things common in nature work and how to artificially create the same. So far most of our efforts have been poor copies of what is there in nature.

A bug called sharpshooter has the ability to catapult their urine out into the world from a special liquid-shooter in their butts. Interestingly the water being expelled is faster than the speed at which it was launched which has implications on rocket science, fluid dynamics and many other areas.

“The sharpshooter gets all its nutrition from the thin, watery liquid inside a plant, called xylem sap, which it sucks out with this tube-shaped stylet. That sap has so little nutrition that sharpshooters need to guzzle nonstop. Taking all that liquid in presents a problem – how to move it out. The sharpshooter has evolved the perfect tool for the job: an anal stylus — or butt flicker. Here’s something incredible: Each drop of pee actually travels faster than the speed at which the butt flicker launched it. Learn about this incredible creature’s super-propulsive pee in this video!”

Source: boingboing.netSharpshooters are bugs that catapult their urine out into the world

– Suramya

March 8, 2024

alphaXiv – Forum to discuss any papers posted on ArXiv

Filed under: Interesting Sites,Science Related — Suramya @ 4:40 PM

Research papers can be hard to understand and sometimes you don’t have people or a community around where you can discuss a given paper and collaborate. In Bangalore we have a community called ‘Papers we love’ which did something similar but for a single paper every week as an in-person event.

There is a site called alphaxiv.org/ that I found out about recently. It is an interactive forum for anyone to comment line-by-line on arXiv papers. This allows you to collaborate and discuss the paper with others who find it interesting as well. One thing to keep in mind is that ArXiv papers can be pre-published versions which are not fully peer reviewed yet.

To start using the site, you need to create an account with them. If you don’t have an educational institute email address then you will have to verify your phone no as well in the near future. As of now you don’t need to do that. I guess they are doing this to prevent automated spam. Once you have an account and are logged in using the site is quite easy. You can browse for currently trending topics or search for a specific paper. If you are reading a paper on arXiv, you can change “arxiv.org” to “alphaxiv.org” in your URL search bar, and you will automatically be redirected to the forum for that paper.

Check it out when you get a chance as it is quite interesting.

– Suramya

February 29, 2024

Scientists are using wood of all things to build a satellite and launch it to orbit

Filed under: Astronomy / Space,My Thoughts,Science Related — Suramya @ 9:08 PM

When people talk about strong materials that can be used to make durable satellites wood is nowhere even close to being considered. I mean come on, the image people (including me) have in their mind of wood is that it is something not too strong and for the most part is not durable. However, NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are set to prove that is not the case and are planning to launch the world’s first wooden satellite into space. Yes, you did read that correctly; they are planning to use wood to make a satellite instead of Stainless Steel or titanium which will make the process a lot more sustainable. LignoSat is a coffee mug-size satellite made from magnolia wood and will be launched into orbit sometime during the Summer of 2024. Wood has an advantage over other materials in that it will burn up into ash during reentry into the atmosphere without releasing harmful chemicals into the atmosphere (which is what happens when Steel or Titanium reenters the atmosphere and burns up).

To verify the feasibility of using the material Kyoto University researchers sent samples of magnolia, cherry and birch up to the International Space Station and exposed it to space for 10 months, after which tests were run against the samples and when they confirmed that there was no decomposition or deformation in the samples it gave them confidence to move ahead with the project. LignoSat will be made using the wood from magnolia trees primarily because of the relative ease of working with it, dimensional stability, and overall strength as compared to the other candidates.

Another advantage of a wooden satellite is that it is less reflective than other materials which means that it would reduce the amount of ambient light pollution that astronomers have been complaining about over the past few years. Especially since the Starlink low orbit satellites were launched. Wood is also easier to grow so the overall cost might be lower.

One potential problem with this approach would be that it will require a lot of wood which would mean that forests would be logged offsetting the environmental gains made by using wood. Assuming the test is successful, we can look forward to using wood in more places instead of non eco friendly materials. But I doubt that it would replace the traditional materials completely.

– Suramya

Source: Wood Working Network: Japan set to launch first wood satellite

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